Friday, March 10, 2017

Amos and the Judgment of Moab

Introduction

So far, we have studied the background of Amos and the prophecies by Amos against Damascus, Gaza, Tyre, Edom, and Ammon. These prophecies Amos spoke to Israel, not to the countries being charged and judged by God. God had a purpose for Israel hearing His charges and judgments against these nations. He wanted them to know He avenged them against their enemies. God, too, wanted Israel to recognize their own sins as He charged the surrounding nations.

Damascus, the capital city of the nation of Aram on the northern border of Israel, battled Israel and stole Gilead from them. They took part of God’s promised inheritance to the tribes of Gad, Manasseh, and Reuben. The people of Aram persecuted Israel. Gaza, in the southwestern most nation in Canaan called Philistia, often raided Israel and took their possessions and people as spoils of war. They sold the people into slavery, sometimes with the help of Edom. The people of Philistia harrassed Israel. Tyre and the nation of Phoenicia had a covenant of brotherhood with Israel because of their relationship with David and Solomon. They broke their covenant and betrayed Israel by often capturing Israelites and selling them into slavery with the help of Philistia and Edom. The people of Phoenicia back-stabbed Israel. Edom, blood relatives of Israel through Esau, harbored anger and jealousy against the Israelites because of Jacob receiving Esau’s birthright and blessing from his father. Each generation fed that anger and caused them to take every opportunity for vengeance. The people of Edom held onto jealousy and anger over Israel's gift of the Promised Land from God. Ammon’s people, too, were blood relatives of Israel. Through Lot and his youngest daughter, their son, Ben-ammi, became the founder of the nation of Ammon. The people of Ammon remained discontented with the land upon which they lived and were not grateful for Israel’s help in defeating King Sihon of the Amorites. The Ammonites’ greed caused them to want what King Sihon took from them even though it was not part of God’s provision of land for their people. Ammon coveted what the Israelites had instead of experiencing contentment and recognizing the fruitfulness of Israel came from the LORD. Though the Israelites showed they were allies of Ammon against the Ammorites, the Ammonites bore a grudge because they wanted the land for themselves. Ammon felt greed and discontent and harmed Israel. The descriptors of each of the nations could hang like plaques beneath the nations' names upon a wall: Gaza-Persecutor; Philistia-Harasser; Phoenicia-Back-Stabber; Edom-Angry; Ammon-Greedy and Discontent.

If you look on an Old Testament map, you will notice Amos’ prophecies wove a net around Israel. His first prophecy dealt with people to the north of Israel. The next prophecy dealt with a nation, Philistia, in the southwest corner of Canaan. The third prophecy dealt with people in the northwestern corner of Canaan. Next, Amos crossed over Israel to the southeastern side of Canaan to the nation of Edom. He wove his rope to the northeastern side when he prophesied against Ammon. Today, we will understand Amos took the rope back to the middle of the eastern side of the Jordan to prophesy against Moab. He now has pulled each side of Israel into one net. The next prophecy will begin to pull it tight so Israel feels God’s charge and judgment itself.

Today, we will study Amos 2:1-3. This passage is Amos’ prophecy of God’s charge and judgment against Moab. We will learn who the people of Moab were and what God’s charge against them was. Next we will gain an understanding of Moab’s history and God’s later judgment of them. Beyond this, we will look at the history of the fulfillment of God’s judgment against them. Finally, just as Amos and God wanted Israel to hear this prophecy and apply it to themselves and their relationship with the LORD, we will look at our own hearts and lives to see if God could judge us of these same things and what we can do about it. Let’s begin our study.

Who was Moab?

If you remember from our study on Ammon, Ben-ammi, the founder of the Ammonites came from the union of Lot and his youngest daughter. After they fled Sodom, Lot’s daughters thought they were the only people left alive in the world. They assumed it fell upon them to repopulate the world so they caused Lot to get drunk. After he was drunk each of the daughter’s lay with him and became pregnant. Moab was the son of the oldest daughter and Lot. (Genesis 19:30-38) Moab’s name means “from father.”

God gave land to both Abraham and Lot. Lot chose the fertile southern area near the basin of the Dead Sea. In Deuteronomy 2:9, we read of God telling the Israelites, “Do not harass Moab, nor provoke them to war, for I will not give you any of their lands as a possession because I have given Ar to the sons of Lot as a possession.” Lot’s sons possessed the lands from the southern basin of the Dead Sea to the Ar (Arnon) River on the eastern side of the Dead Sea as God’s gift to them. This land ranged from being fertile because of the water from the Jordan, Arnon, and Zered Rivers to being mountainous. It had plateaus of 3000-4500 feet to chasms and valleys at sea level. The tops of the plateaus were fertile for produce such as corn. The plains and valleys were excellent places for crops and grazing cattle and sheep. Second Kings 3:4 gives us a hint of the lands fertility. Moab could give 100,000 lambs a year to Israel along with the wool from 100,000 rams.

Moab made a living off the land God gave them. They did not recognize the God of their ancestors, Lot and Abraham, as the provider of their prosperity. The people of Moab worshiped false gods. They worshiped Chemosh, Baal of Peor, and Molech. (Numbers 21:29, Jeremiah 48:7, 13, & 46, 2 Kings 3:27) Chemosh was their chief god. Molech and Chemosh were two names given to the same deity. Chemosh demanded human sacrifice as we understand from 2 Kings 3:27 just as Molech did.. King Mesha of Moab sacrificed his firstborn son to gain the god’s favor to defeat his enemies. The worship of false gods comes about because of fear – the fear of not appeasing every god that may exist and could become dissatisfied with people causing them to experience hard times. This belief meant, instead of hard times being times to grow in reliance upon the loving Yahweh, it was a time of fear wondering what wrong you committed and how to appease the gods’ anger. Understand, Moab did not differ from the other nations around Israel. They all worshiped false gods. For this, the LORD was punishing them, too.

The Charge against Moab

What was God’s charge against Moab? Was it different from His charge against the other nations? Amos tells us in Amos 2:1,

“Thus says the LORD, ‘For three transgressions of Moab and for four I will not revoke its punishment because he burned the bones of the king of Edom to lime.’” [NASB]

Would the king of Moab really desecrate the corpse or bones of a king? Let’s understand what Amos meant by looking at the Hebrew words and remembering what the prophetic form meant.

Amos began his five other prophecies using this same prophetic form – “for three transgressions and for four I will not revoke its punishment.” Remember, in biblical numerology, three plus four equals seven and denotes completion. The Moabites had sinned so much and often without remorse and repentance that their sin filled them up and God had to act to stop them. Moab had measured sin upon sin and God’s righteousness could take no more. The loving Father, who was the Father of Moab’s father, had mercy upon them for hundreds of years. Now His mercy and love would have to bring about discipline. God had to discipline them to bring them back to a right relationship with Him. God’s righteousness had to bring judgment, and He said He would not revoke it.

Now let us look at the Hebrew words Amos used. The word “transgressions” comes from pesha (peh-shah) and means rebellion against God, other nations, and other people. Transgressions are sins. The word “burned” comes from the Hebrew word saraph (saw-raf) and it means to burn, possibly like an undertaker. It meant they burned the body of the dead instead of burying it respectfully in a tomb. The word “lime” is what we know it to be. It comes from the burning or cremating of bones into calcium carbonate. The charge God brought against Moab means they cremated the body of the King of Edom.

Why would the charge of that sin be significant back in the 800-600 BC era? Consider the uses of lime. It is used in graves and in the treatment of sewage and waste to remove impurities. Plaster, mortar, and whitewash contain lime. Besides these, fertilizer or plant food contains lime to help plants grow. These each are useful things, but realize Moab burned the bones of a king, the King of Edom, one who received God’s past blessings. For people of royalty and wealth, their relatives and servants placed their corpses into hewn-stone tombs to rest with their ancestors. To burn them into lime, meant disrespect of their title and rank among people. Consider Israel asked his sons to take his bones into the Promised Land. Jacob of Arimethea placed Jesus’ body into his own hewn tomb. As in other places in the Bible, the place and manner of burial was very important. For Moab to burn the bones of a king, especially one whose ancestor was Abraham, showed disrespect. The bones of the king would not be gathered to their ancestors or have part in a resurrection of the dead as the Jews taught. By taking bones out of a grave or not burying the corpse, the Jews and people of the region believed the deceased would not find rest and was cursed. Exhuming the bones of a person profaned the dead person’s memory. By turning the king’s bone to lime, the King Mesha sneered and denigrated the status of the king by relatively saying his corpse after death was worthy only for grave, fertilizer, and waste decomposition use. His actions against the king of Edom showed his contempt for the king by placing him below even the lowest caste of society.

Why is that significant? Consider David’s thoughts and actions. While Saul chased David to kill him because of his jealousy, David had a couple times when he could have killed Saul. He explained to his army why he did not kill him. David told his followers to kill Saul would have been killing God’s anointed leader. Who was he to decide who would be king and make himself greater than God? When the king of Moab burned the king of Edom’s bones, he took it upon himself to decide – to judge – the king and display him as being worthless. The king of Moab disrespected the king of Edom and called him worthless by burning his bones.

·         Is there someone we know who shows contempt for other people and disrespects them publicly? The person defames their reputation in his or her actions and words.
·         Are there times when we do this to people we know? Possible gossiping about a person or cutting a person down to size so we feel bigger and better about ourselves and what we are doing?

The History of Moab

What is the history of Moab? What is the history of this charge by God? Were the Moabites really this ruthless and disrespectful?

Just like Ammon and Edom, Moab had a long history before the Israelites arrived in the Canaan territory. They had a long history of animosity toward Israel, too. Consider these instances.

1.      Judges 11:15-18 – Joshua asked the kings of Moab and Ammon to allow the Israelites to pass through their land to get to the Promised Land. The Israelites walked around Edom and Moab because their kings would not let them enter their territory. Fear of the numbers of Israelites caused them to shut their borders to Israel.
2.      Numbers 22-24 and Exodus 15:15 – The chiefs and leaders of Edom and Moab trembled at the size of the band of Israelites. When the sons of Israel camped in the plains of Moab beyond the Jordan River opposite Jericho, King Balak of Moab with Midian sent for the prophet Balaam to cast a curse upon Israel. He refused three times and blessed them as the LORD told him. At God’s command, Balaam instead cursed Moab in Numbers 24:17. Fear drove Moab to want to harm Israel.
3.      Number 25:1-3 – Moab’s women seduced the men of Israel while they camped in Moab at Shittim before crossing the Jordan River. They caused the men of Israel to worship false Gods and bow down to them. If the Israelites were too big to defeat, they could make them stray from their mighty God to worship other gods. Fear led Moab to seduce the Israelites into following other gods.
4.      Judges 3:12-14 – The LORD used Moab under the leadership of King Eglon to punish Israel for not following Him. They served Eglon for eighteen years. The Israelites sent tribute to King Eglon for these years because he defeated and possessed the city of the palm trees. God can use Israel’s enemies to punish them by allowing their actions against them. He will later punish the enemies of Israel.
5.      Judges 10:6 – Again the people of Moab, along with of Aram, Ammon, and Philistia, seduced the Israelites into following their gods – the Baals and Ashteroth. God allowed the Philistines and Ammonites to capture portions of their tribes for eighteen years as punishment. God used Israel’s enemies by allowing them to capture parts of the tribes. He would punish their enemies later.
6.      1 Samuel 14:47 – Moab and the other Canaanite nations plundered Israel so King Saul attacked these enemies and afflicted punishment on them. Moab was discontent with what they had and wanted more.
7.      2 Samuel 8:2 & 12, and 1 Chronicles 18:2 – Moab kept attacking Israel so David battled them. As before, Moab was discontent with what they had from God. They fought God’s people and He would later punish them.
8.      1 Kings 11:7 – Solomon’s wife influenced him to build and altar for Chemosh, her god, on the mountain east of Jerusalem. Again the Moabites seduced Israel to worship other gods. If you cannot beat your enemies, bring them down to your level or lower, is probably what Moab thought.
9.      2 Kings 3 – King Mesha of Moab paid duties to the king of Israel as a vassal whom he conquered. When King Ahab of Israel died, Mesha rebelled. King Jehoram of Israel, King Jehoshaphat of Judah, and the King of Edom went to battle against the rebelling Moabites. Mesha’s rage caused him to sacrifice his firstborn son to appeal to his god to help them win the battle. Moab fought the Israelites and God’s punishment. They practiced human sacrifice, a sacrilege to God.
10.  2 Chronicles 20:1, 10, & 22-23 – Moab, Ammon, and the Meunites came against Judah in the days of King Jehoshaphat. God set an ambush for these nations and killed them. Moab still was discontent with their portion of land and wanted to take the Israelites down. They disrespected the Israelites’ God by throwing themselves against Israel repeatedly.
11.  2 Kings 24:2 – As punishment for Israel’s sin, God sent Moab, Ammon, Aram, and Chaldee to destroy Judah. Though God allowed these nations to go against Israel as punishment from Him, He did not hold these nations unaccountable for assailing His children. God would judge them, too.

As becomes obvious with reading each of these passages, Moab was not a restful nation. They sought to create discord with both kingdoms of Israel. Moab often disrespected the Israelite rulers. They feared the numerous Israelites. The Moabites feared their own false gods. They wanted more land than the LORD apportioned to them. The Moabites were discontent and disrespectful of the LORD’s people-Israel, other nations and their leaders. They were disrespectful of Yahweh, the God of their ancestors. The Moabites were a fractious people.

Despite this, two instances arose in Moabite history that showed they cared for others. The first occurred in the story of Ruth and Naomi. After Naomi’s husband and sons died, Ruth, her Moabite daughter-in-law, moved with her back to Israel. Ruth cared for Naomi and provided descendants for her family lineage. The second instance of Moab caring for someone other than themselves occurred when David took his parents to Moab. He asked the king to let them stay with him while he tried to survive as King Saul hunted him (1 Samuel 22:2-4).

We need to concern ourselves with God’s charge against Moab. Most theologians through the centuries consider the incident when King Mesha burned the bones of the king of Edom as having occurred after the battle recorded in 2 Kings 3. As a vassal state of the kingdom of Israel, Mesha rebelled against Israel when King Ahab died. The kings of Israel, Judah, and Edom joined together to go against Moab and bring them in line. These three kings sought God’s will through one of His prophets, Elisha. Elisha told them what God said, and they followed His instruction. On the morning after the prophecy, the king of Moab saw the water was red and thought the three kings had fought and killed each other. He ordered his army to get the spoils of war. When Moab’s army arrived at the camp of the three kings, the battle became intense and the Moabites fled. Mesha took 700 swordsmen to try to break through to the king of Edom and could not. In his rage and fear, he returned to his city and burned his firstborn son, the heir to the throne, as a human sacrifice to his god, Chemosh. This appeal to his god emboldened the army of Moab so they rallied with a great wrath against the king of Israel and his allies. The three allied armies returned to their home countries.

Notice in 2 Kings 3, King Mesha burned his son as a sacrifice. He did not burn the king of Edom. God’s charge in Amos 2:1 says he burned the bones of the king of Edom. Though no written Bible passage exists recording the burning of the kings bones, historians and theologians through the ages agree on two possibilities. The one most often cited is that after the kings of Judah and Israel returned to their lands, the king of Moab followed the king of Edom, who was weaker without his allies. Mesha then killed the king of Edom and burned his bones. A slight alternative to this considers Mesha dug up the bones of a previously buried king of Edom and burned them. The other major line of thought is that 2 Kings 3:27 did not mean Mesha burned his own son when it said, “he took his oldest son who was to reign,” but that he took the son of the King of Edom and killed him upon the walls of his city. This scenario is a stretch, but some Jewish historians prefer this understanding.

Whichever scenario is the actual history of God’s charge is not as important as the reason for God to level this charge against Moab. Ultimately, Moab disrespected the remains of a king, judged the king and disgraced him by treating his bones and memory with contempt. He metaphorically made him common, nothing more than lime that makes fertilizer, cleanses gravesites, and makes common whitewash. Besides this, Moab disrespected a person of Israel, Esau’s descendant, or Lot’s descendant if Mesha burned his own son. Just as David knew God would judge him for killing King Saul, God would judge King Mesha for killing and desecrating the king of Edom or the future king of Moab. Both were related to Abraham though only Edom’s king was a direct descendant of Abraham. What judgment would be fitting punishment for disrespecting a king from the line of Abraham, any person of Israel, or any human all of whom God considers sacred? God’s wise and righteous judgment tells us in verses two and three.

·         Have you experienced a person who mercilessly continued to harass you? Did they do it to make themselves feel more important or significant in the community or family?
·         Do you catch yourself wanting to say bad things about a person or cut a person down because he or she thinks too highly of him or herself or because you feel you are not being noticed?
·         What consequences happen when you do these types of things? Does it affect you internally? Do you act upon these impulses? How does that affect you?

Judgment of God

God’s judgment of Moab for their sin of disrespect and desecrating the dead is similar to the His judgments on the other nations. Amos stated it in verses two and three,

“‘So I will send fire upon Moab and it will consume the citadels of Kerioth and Moab will die amid tumult with war cries and the sound of a trumpet. I will also cut off the judge from her midst and slay all her princes with him,’ says the LORD.” [NASB]

As we remember from Amos’ earlier prophecies, “fire” come from the word ‘esh (aysh) and means the flames of God’s anger either as fire from heaven or as war from enemies sent or allowed as punishment from God. “Send” means to stretch out, shoot forth, or let loose. Amos said God’s punishment and anger would shoot out as fire. He would completely destroy the citadels – the fortresses and strongholds – of Moab. Amos named Kerioth of Moab to receive this destruction. As the principal city of Moab, like the other prophecies, it meant the whole of Moab would receive the wrath of God. God would destroy them. Jeremiah 48:24 and 41 note Kerioth as being a fortified city containing a sanctuary for Chemosh. Historians consider Kerioth may be the same as the city of Ar on the northern border of Moab. God stated through Amos that Moab would die amid tumult of war cries and the sound of a trumpet. “Die” comes from the Hebrew word muwth, which means to perish or be put to death. The people of Moab would experience inner fear as they heard the war cries of the enemy army approaching. Their insides would melt in despair at the sound of the trumpet calling the charge of the army against them. The people who disrespected and appeared to have no fear of other nations since they often rebelled and battled the surrounding nations would quiver at the mighty din of the war cries and trumpets, and the crash of destruction as the walls fell.

Besides their fall to enemy armies, Amos prophesied God would cut off the judge from Moab. He would eliminate the leader/governor of their country and they would have no government. They would be a people lost without a leader. The LORD said He would slay her princes, too. Remember, princes can mean the king, prince, or chief. It can mean the priests who lead them to worship false gods, too. God would remove their government and their religious leaders. Their false gods, as always, would have no power over them and no influence. The Moabites would be completely cut off from their gods. They would be lost and wandering.

Given this understanding of the words Amos used, what do these two verses mean? Consider this paraphrase. God would send His wrath like a fire upon Moab. It would destroy their strongholds upon which they counted for safety including the chief one at Kerioth. God would destroy Moab completely. They would perish before their time with much confusion and with war cries that made people fear and put the fear of the LORD in them. The LORD would come like the sound of a trumpet-suddenly and with deathly certainty. Moab would die in war. God would cut off their rulers, judges, and priests. Moab would die and no one would remain to lead the remnant of survivors. There would no longer be a nation of Moab.

·         When a person disrespects or denigrates another person, how does that make the community see that disrespectful person? Do they look up to him or her with disdain or with admiration? What happens to that disrespectful person in the short or long term?
·         Have you disrespected someone and brought undue scrutiny upon him or her? How did that work out for you? Did you receive praise? Did you feel good about yourself? Did God prick your conscience? Later, did you wonder why your relationship with God wasn’t vibrant?

The Fulfillment of God’s Judgment against Moab

God’s servants, the prophets, prophesied against Moab beginning with Amos’ prophecies. Other prophets spoke God’s judgment against them later. These prophecies include Isaiah 25:10-12, Zephaniah 2:8-9, Jeremiah 9:26, 25:12-38, and 48:1-47, and Ezekiel 25:8-11. What Moab experienced immediately after Amos’ prophecy was not the total fulfillment of God’s judgment against them. The later prophecies confirm that. Isaiah said the Moabites would be trodden down. Zephaniah said they would be like Sodom, a perpetual desolation. Jeremiah said God would punish the uncircumcised. The LORD would slay them like a great storm, and Moab would experience shame and brokenness. The LORD offered hope to Moab. At the end of Jeremiah 48, God told them He would restore the fortune of Moab in days to come. He would remember His people. Though the people of Moab would be leaderless, some taken into captivity, and the remnant left to survive in the desolate places, God would bring them back, He said.

What happened to Moab in history? Did God’s judgment occur? In reading the annals of history, we read of empires battling against the nations of Canaan, the middle and near east, and north Africa. In 738 BC Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria occupied the provinces east of the Jordan River. The Nimrud inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III states the Moabite king, Salmanu became a tributary to Assyria. Sargon II of Assyria mentioned on a clay prism a revolt against him by Moab joined by Philistia, Judah, and Edom. On the Taylor prism, the Assyrian account states the king of Moab paid tribute to Sargon.

After the Neo-Babylonians defeated Assyria, they overtook the previously held vassal states of Assyria in the middle and near-east. Of these, history tells the story of Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon overtaking Moab, Ammon, Edom, and other small nations on the eastern side of the Jordan River in 582 BC after Judah fell in 586 BC. By 572 BC, Babylon was in control of the whole region.

After Nebuchadnezzar, Cyrus the Great of the Persian Empire took over ruling the previous areas of the Babylonian Empire. During the Persian reign, Moab disappeared from historical records. It became an area overrun by tribes from Arabia. Nehemiah 4:7 notes the Arabians of the region, not the Moabites, were allies of the Ammonites. Remember, Nehemiah was the man of God used to get the remnant people of Israel to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem while the others were still in Babylonian captivity. Even then Nehemiah recognized Moab was no longer a nation.

·         God will judge people for their sins. Sometimes that judgment and correction comes while we are still alive.
·         Have you felt God’s judgment/punishment/chastisement on you when you disrespected another person?
·         What did you do when you felt God’s punishment? Did you run and hide or did you repent and return to a right relationship with God?

Recap

What was Moab’s sin according to God’s charge against them? They burned the bones of the king of Edom. The king of Moab disrespected and desecrated the body of royalty, one from the line of Abraham, no less. The Moabites continued to rail against authority and God’s judgment against them throughout their history. They did not receive correction and punishment with grace, repent, seek forgiveness, and renew a right relationship with God or other people. The Moabites continued to do what they wanted, when they wanted, for whatever reason they wanted. They were a force unto themselves and considered themselves unaccountable to anyone.

·         Do we consider ourselves in this same way?
·         Do we go about our lives thinking I want it, I deserve it, I will reach for it, and I will get it no matter what may be in our way?
·         Do we think the ends justify the means?

Conclusion

Not even considering the king of Edom was from the line of Abraham, he was a man created in God’s image. God does not condone human sacrifice. He judged people of the Bible for it and for their worship of false gods. God made a commandment and gave it to the Israelites saying, “Thou shall not murder.” Whether murdering is causing the death of a person, the defaming of a person’s reputation, or the disrespecting and desecrating of a person’s body dead or alive, God speaks against this. To God each human life is sacred.

Jesus took this one step farther. When the Pharisee asked Him what the greatest commandment was, He condensed the Ten Commandments given by the Father to the Israelites into two commandments. He said in Matthew 22:37-40,

“You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind. This is the greatest and foremost commandment. The second is like it. You shall love your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments depend the whole Law and the Prophets.” [NASB]

If you disrespect or denigrate a person physically or verbally whether dead or alive you do not love your neighbor. By not loving your neighbor you have broken the second greatest commandment. When you break any commandment, you show you do not love God and so break the greatest commandment.
Obedience = Love
How do you love your neighbor?
·         Speak kind words.
·         Do not gossip or cut them down.
·         Do not disrespect them or seek to harm them even if you disagree with them.
·         Do acts of goodness and kindness for the person.

Proverbs 25:21-22 spoke about this. It said, “If your enemy is hungry, give him food to eat; and if he is thirsty, give him water to drink; for you will heap burning coals on his head, and the LORD will reward you.” [NASB] Multiple benefits occur from following this. First, by doing good to your enemy-the one who harms you or wants to harm you-you stop them in their tracks questioning why you treat them well when they do not do the same for you. Second, by continually doing good for the one who wants to harm you or continues to harm you, they experience the goodness, grace, and mercy of God and may seek it for themselves. Third, by doing good, you practice it and it becomes habit so you change for the better and consider more than once before you disrespect or denigrate another person. Be like Hosea who continued to love his wife, Gomer, though she was a prostitute. Be like Jesus who continued to love people though they spat on Him, lashed his body, nailed Him to a cross, and pierced His side.

Ø  By doing good, and speaking kindness and love to people, the person will see God’s light of love. That person might change before God judges him or her like He did the Moabites.
Ø  By doing good, you will change more into the likeness of Christ. You will pray for your enemies, turn the other cheek, and share the suffering of other people while encouraging them.

“Beloved, let us love one another, for love is from God, and everyone who loves is born of God and knows God.” [1 John 4:7, NASB]

v  Where do you need God’s help to love when someone disrespects and denigrates you?
v  Where do you need God’s help to love when you disrespect and want to denigrate someone?

Loving is not always easy, but it is necessary.

God commands it.

Sunday, March 5, 2017

Amos and the Judgment of Ammon


Introduction

For the past five weeks, we have studied the background of the book of Amos and his prophecies spoken to Israel about Damascus (Aram), Gaza (Philistia), Tyre (Phoenicia), and Edom. These chief cities and their respective nations worshiped false gods. Besides that, God charged them with going against His children, the Israelites. Damascus battled against Israel, overtook them, and stole Gilead from them. Gaza often raided Israel and took their possessions and their people. They made their captives slaves and sold them with Edom as the middleman. Tyre broke their covenant of brotherhood with Israel by capturing and selling them as slaves with the aid of Philistia (Gaza) and Edom. They betrayed the Israelites. Edom’s anger and jealousy of Israel caused them repeatedly attempt to take areas of the Promised Land, the people, and their possessions for themselves. They continually fought against the Israelites and sold them into slavery even though they were blood relatives.

You will note the net God wove with Amos’ prophecies now crossed over from the northern and eastern sides of Israel to the western and southern sides. This net will draw closer to Israel’s location with each successive prophecy. It will draw closer as God and Amos try to draw the Israelites’ attention to themselves and their own sinfulness and rebellion against the LORD.

This week our study will cover what Amos prophesied about Ammon. What caused God to charge Ammon with rebellion and sin? What judgment did God declare over that nation? Besides these things, we will learn who the people of Ammon were, what their history was, and learn how God fulfilled the prophecy He gave Amos. This week’s Bible study will cover Amos 1:13-15.

Who was Ammon?

The people of Ammon were blood relatives of the Israelites, like the Edomites were. Where Edom’s link to the Israelites was through Esau, Jacob’s brother, the Ammonites’ common relative with the Israelites was Lot, Abraham’s nephew. When Lot and Abraham’s people and animals grew to be too many for their land to support them, Abraham and Lot decided they needed to part ways. Abraham gave Lot first choice of the surrounding land. Lot chose the fertile valley around the base of the Jordon River in which to settle. Genesis 13:12 states he moved his tents as far as Sodom, one of the “cities of the plain.”

Scientists, archeologist, and theologians have looked for these ancient cities into which Lot and his family fled and began their lives anew after departing from Abraham’s company. Lot called Sodom a city of the plain. In Genesis 14:1-24, we read the kings of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah,  Zeboiim, and Zoar allied with each other and met in the Valley of Siddim, the Salt Sea/Dead Sea region. The fertile valley of the Dead Sea was the southeastern side of the Dead Sea.  The Valley of Siddim, watered by the Jordan River, was where Lot took his family when he and Abraham separated the land between themselves. Lot chose fertile territory so he and his family could prosper.

Lot lived in Sodom with his wife, children, and servants. As the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah sinned more and more, God’s anger began to boil. He sent messengers, His angels, to tell Lot to get his family out of the city because God’s judgment had come upon the city and He would destroy it. The messengers told them not to look back, but to escape. Lot’s wife looked back and turned into a pillar of salt. Lot and his daughters escaped to Zoar. [Genesis 19:1-26]

After leaving Zoar to live in the mountains, Lot’s daughters thought they were the only people left alive on the earth so they got Lot drunk. On the first night, the oldest daughter lay with her father and became pregnant. On the second night, the youngest daughter did the same with the same result. They named the sons born of those incestuous relationships Moab and Ben-Ammi. Moab means “of his father.” Ben-ammi means “son of my people.” Moab became the father of the Moabites. Ben-ammi became the father of the Ammonites. [Genesis 19:30-38]

How did Moab and Ammon get the land from the Valley of Siddim north to Gilead as their territory? In Deuteronomy 2:9, God commanded Moses and the Israelites not to provoke Moab and in verse 19, Ammon, because He gave Ar (the Arnon River area) “to the sons of Lot as a possession.” The descendants of Lot enlarged their borders from southeast of the Dead Sea to the Gilead region. Before the Israelites came through on their exodus pilgrimage, King Sihon of the Amorites invaded the Ammonites and took the fertile land of Gilead for himself. When the Israelites arrived there before crossing the Jordan River they found King Sihon claiming ownership of Gilead. They defeated him and his army to take the land as their part of their inheritance from God. The Israelites took possession of the land of the Amorites as their own. [Judges 11:1-28] Though the Israelites helped the Ammonites by defeating King Sihon who defeated them, they were angry toward the Israelites (Judges 11:1-28). The Ammonites felt God promised them the land, though in Deuteronomy 2:9, God told the Israelites He gave Ar (, the area from the Arnon River to the southeastern area of the Dead Sea) to the sons of Lot.

To sum this up, Ammon was a nation that came from Lot’s son out of an incestuous relationship he did not condone with his youngest daughter. God gave the Ammonites and Moabites the land east of the Jordan River from the Valley of Siddim to the Arnon River. Ammon occupied territory in Gilead above the Arnon River for a while until King Sihon of the Amorites took it by force. The Israelites took it from the Amorites and claimed it as part of their inheritance from God.

The Ammonites were not happy their distant relatives defeated their enemy. We will learn they harbored jealousy against the Israelites because of greed. Besides that sin for which God would judge the Ammonites, they worshiped false gods, the chief being Milcom and Molech. Because of the latter, God commanded the Israelites not to marry the Ammonites-they would cause the Israelites to worship false gods, too. [Exodus 23:31-33 & 34:12-16, and Deuteronomy 7:3] King Solomon blatantly disobeyed the command of God during his reign. His first heir, Rehoboam, who would succeed him as king, came from his wife, Namaah, an Ammonite.

The Charge against Ammon

As Amos did with the four earlier prophecies of other nations, he would do again. He prophesied to Israel God’s charge and judgment against another nation – Ammon. As Amos did in the first four prophecies, naming their chief cities intending it to represent the whole nation, he did in verse fourteen by naming Rabbah to receive God’s judgment. In this study, we will consider God’s charge and judgment alongside Ammon’s history. The last major part of this study will consider the fulfillment of God’s judgment against Ammon. After these, we should consider what God wanted Israel to hear, learn, and consider then apply those to ourselves today. Just as Ammon and Israel needed to return to a right relationship with the Lord, so we, too, need to return to a right relationship with the Him.

Just as Amos began the earlier four prophecies, he began this one with the prophetic form about which we learned in our second Amos Bible study, Amos and the Judgment of Damascus. Amos prophesied for God to Israel. God laid His charge against Ammon in verse thirteen. Amos said,

“Thus says the LORD, ‘For three transgressions of the sons of Ammon and for four I will not revoke its punishment because they ripped open the pregnant women of Gilead in order to enlarge their borders.’” [NASB]

Again we see the prophetic form used: “For three transgressions and for four I will not revoke its punishment.” Remember, in biblical numerology three plus four equals seven and seven numerically denotes completion. The people of Ammon had measured up sin upon sin and God could take no more. God’s righteousness requires justice when sins amass with no repentance and return to Him. Just as a loving father has mercy upon his child, eventually, because of his love, discipline must occur. This will bring the child from rebellion to return to a right relationship with the parents. God gave Ammon mercy and grace, but now their sins were too great and the loving Father had to intervene with judgment. God would not revoke His judgment because they needed it to instigate their guidance back to Him hopefully.

Amos was not the only prophet to prophesy against Ammon. Jeremiah 49:1-6, Ezekiel 21:28-32 & 25:2-10 and Zephaniah 2:8-9 each prophesied for the LORD against Ammon. Consider what these prophets said:

“Concerning the sons of Ammon. Thus says the LORD, ‘Does Israel have no sons? Or has he no heirs? Why then has Malcam taken possession of Gad and his people settled in its cities? Therefore behold, the days are coming,’ declares the LORD, ‘That I will cause a trumpet blast of war to be heard against Rabbah of the sons of Ammon, and it will become a desolate heap, and her towns will be set on fire. Then Israel will take possession of his possessors,’ says the LORD.” [Jeremiah 49:1-2, NASB]

“And you, son of man, prophesy and say, ‘Thus says the LORD GOD concerning the sons of Ammon and concerning their reproach,’ say” ‘A sword, a sword is drawn, polished for the slaughter, to cause it to consume that it may be like lightning.’ ‘I will pour out My indignation on you; I will blow on you with the fire of My wrath, and I will give you into the hand of brutal men, skilled in destruction.’” [Ezekiel 21:28 & 31, NASB]

“‘I have heard the taunting of Moab and the revilings of the sons of Ammon with which they have taunted My people and become arrogant against their territory. Therefore, as I live,’ declares the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, ‘Surely Moab will be like Sodom and the sons of Ammon like Gomorrah.’” [Zephaniah 2:8-9a, NASB]

Amos did not prophesy just against Ammon in this verse. Since he spoke the prophecy to Israel, it was for their consideration about their lives and nation, too. God was trying to get Israel’s attention so they would repent before He charged and judged them again. He wants a loving relationship with His children. God had given them mercy and grace. He sent several prophets before Amos, and though the Israelites repented and returned to Him, they quickly returned to their rebellious ways. Fatherly discipline was due for the Israelites, too.

Now, let’s consider the words Amos used in the prophecy of God’s charge against the Ammonites. Even in English, this charge against them shows their unusual harshness against their supposed enemies, Israel. Ripping open wombs and killing unborn babies is heinous. We need to understand what Amos’ words in Hebrew mean so we can understand exactly what he meant when he prophesied. The word “ripped” comes from the Hebrew word baqa’ (baw-kaw). Baqa’ means to split, rip, or tear open. “In order” comes from the word ma’an (mah-an) and means with the purpose or intent. Gilead is the rocky region between the southern end of the Sea of Galilee and the northern end of the Dead Sea on the eastern side of the Jordan River. Gilead was the promised land for the tribe of Gad and part of the tribe of Reuben. With these words better defined from their Hebrew meaning, we understand better what Amos said. He said the Ammonites with intent tore open the wombs of pregnant women in Gilead intentionally to keep them from bearing more children and to keep any future child from inheriting the land of God’s promise. When they ripped open the wombs of the women, they took away the future of the Gadites and Reubenites, God’s chosen people. The Ammonites because of greed and jealousy intentionally killed the future heirs of the Promised Land of Gilead so no claimants of Israel would arise to claim the land of Gilead as their own. Ammon would do anything, including kill unborn babies and pregnant women, to get what they coveted, the Promised Land.

The Ammonites stole the Israelites’ inheritance from the LORD. Their sin was not accidental, but intentional. They knew of the God of their father Lot, but they allowed their greed and jealousy to guide them. The Ammonites wanted to widen their borders and own more and better land. The Ammonites took the land, the future generations, and the confidence of the people of Gilead because of their greed. They wanted the wealth they saw the Israelites had from the land, but refused to recognize it came from the hand of the LORD. The Ammonites wanted their land back no matter who they had to fight to get it, even though the LORD only allotted them land from the Arnon River southward. They forgot the story of their ancestor, Lot, who was wealthy and protected by the LORD when He laid Sodom and Gomorrah to ruins. The Ammonites forgot God provided for and protected them because they were part of His chosen ones.

·         Ammon was not grateful and instead coveted jealously what Israel had. They forgot every good thing comes from God.
·         Have you ever wanted what someone else had and became jealous of them?
·         Have you ever deceived or hurt someone to get what that person had?

The History of Ammon

Let’s now consider the history of the charge of God against Ammon. Even before the Israelites settled into the Promised Land, God commanded them not to marry the Ammonites because they were pagans and would cause the Israelites to worship false gods. Consider these Bible passages: Exodus 23:31-33 & 34:12-16, and Deuteronomy 7:3-4. The latter says,

“You shall not intermarry with them. You shall not give your daughters to their sons, nor shall you take their daughters for your sons. For they will turn your sons away from following Me to serve other gods, then the anger of the LORD will be kindled against you and He will quickly destroy you.” [NASB]

Through Moses in Deuteronomy 23:3-4, God told the Israelites,

“No Ammonite or Moabite shall enter the assembly of the LORD because they did not give the Israelites on exodus any food or water and because they hired Balaam (a prophet) of Mesopotamia to curse you.” [NASB]

The Ammonites were not a helpful people. Even though related to the Israelites by blood, they hoarded what was theirs and did not share. The Ammonites hired a prophet to curse the Israelites. He refused. That prophet was Balaam of Mesopotamia. They did not want the Israelites to have any of what they had or experienced in the land the LORD, their ancestor’s God, gave them. [Numbers 22:5 & 7, and chapters 31 and 35]

Later, when Saul was king over Israel, he and his 330,000 warriors battled the Ammonites in Jabesh-gilead because they besieged it and tried to take it from the Israelites. Those of the Ammonites who did not die Saul scattered so they could not regroup and rise up against him. [1 Samuel 11:1-15] Several historians say the Ammonites became vassals to Israel then. In 2 Samuel 10, we read of Ammon working with the Arameans to revolt and battle against Israel. David’s military captain, Joab, showed wisdom and the two armies fled in fear that day. In 2 Samuel 12:26-31, we read Joab and David subdued the revolting Ammonites in their key cities. They captured the land the Ammonites claimed as their own. The Ammonites kept rebelling against God’s will for the Israelites to have the Canaan lands. They showed their greed and were ready for battle against the Israelites continually.
Though God told the Israelites not to marry the Ammonites, Solomon took a wife from among the Ammonites, Naamah, and she bore him his first heir, Rehoboam. Rehoboam would become the first king of Judah, the southern kingdom of Israel. A non-Israelite would rule Judah. At the time Rehoboam became king of Judah, Jeroboam I became ruler over Israel, the northern kingdom of Israel. Before and after this split in the kingdom, Ammon allied itself with the enemies of the Israelites. Their allies were Aram (1 Kings 22), Assyria, Chaldee (Babylonia) (2 Kings 24:2), and Meunim and Moab (2 Chronicles 20:1). Even with a half-Ammonite king over Judah, Ammon still attempted to take the land of Gilead from the Israelites.

Amos denounced the atrocious act of tearing open the wombs of pregnant women and killing the infants. Before Amos arose as a prophet, King Hazael of Aram did this same thing in 2 Kings 8:12. He did it before the Ammonites did. It was nothing new to the region. Menahem, later king of Israel from 752-742 BC, attacked Tiphsah and Tirzah (at the northern border of the northern kingdom on the Euphrates River) because they would not open its gates to him and accept him as their ruler. He killed, struck, and ripped open the wombs of the pregnant women. [2 Kings 15:16] Menahem learned this from the Canaanite people. If the Israelites had followed everything God commanded them, the Canaanite people would have had no influence over their culture, ways, and religion.

·         History seems to repeat itself. Aram, then Ammon, and next Israel ripped women apart and killed unborn babies.
·         Is there something that is against the law or against the consciences of people, yet people continue to do it?
·         Is there something you do God frowns upon and has spoken against, but yet you still do it? Possibly lying, white-collar theft, gossiping?
·         God is still God and sin is still sin. What He spoke against in the beginning is still wrong and is rebellion against Him.
·         For what do you need to seek His forgiveness and mercy? For what do you need to claim His strength to stop doing?

The Judgment of Ammon

With verses fourteen and fifteen, Amos pronounced God’s judgment against the Ammonites. He said,

“‘So I will kindle a fire on the wall of Rabbah and it will consume her citadels amid war cries on the day of battle, and a storm on the day of tempest. Their king will go into exile, he and his princes together,’ says the LORD.”

One of the first things we should note when we read God’s judgment here is Amos did not prophesy that the Ammonites would “perish” like he said of the Philistines. Let’s keep that in mind as we continue our study of this passage.

As before, we must look at the Hebrew meaning of the English words used in this passage to get a clear understanding of what Amos said to the Israelites. The word “kindle” comes from the Hebrew word yatsath (yaw-tsath), which means to burn, set on fire, to be left desolate. The word “fire” we encountered in the earlier four judgments by God against the other nations. “Fire” is the supernatural flame representing God’s anger. “Fire” can be actual fire God sends from heaven to destroy a place and people or it can come as flames of war, just as in Numbers 21:28 and Isaiah 26:11. Rabbah was the capital city of Ammon and we note Amos used his same technique in the earlier prophecies. When he prophesied against Rabbah the capital, he prophesied against the whole nation of Ammon. The word “consume” comes from the Hebrew word ‘akal (aw-kal) which means to burn up, to destroy, or to devour as in oppression and fire. Citadels, we remember, mean the fortresses, strongholds, and palaces of the region. The term “war cries” is new to the prophecies of Amos. This term comes from the Hebrew word teruwmah (ter-oo-maw) It means to alarm and signal and is a shout or blast by the approaching army to embolden themselves and strike fear in the adversary. War cries cause confusion and terror. This tactic enabled the enemy to scare the people so fear befell the adversary before going into battle. The adversary would be more willing to run away or fight less hard thinking the battle was lost before it began. Soldiers and sports teams use this tactic even now. The word “storm” comes from the Hebrew word “ca’ar (sah-ar) and means tempest or whirlwind, like a tornado or hurricane that comes on suddenly. The word “tempest” means an overflowing wind that is surprisingly swift and effective in its destruction. The storm of God against Ammon would be so great it would overwhelm them with is speed, lack of mercy, and effectiveness. It would buffet the body, while the battle cry would affect the emotions and mind of the people. A tempest is irresistible. The victim would not know exactly when the war cry would occur so they needed to prepare. For the Israelites, God was telling them they needed to get right with Him now. The final word we need to understand to realize the extent of God’s judgment against Ammon is “prince.” It comes from the Hebrew word sar and can be the king’s sons or his rulers, captains, officials, or advisors. It can mean the priests of the people, too. They were the ones to prophesy over warriors and proclaim they would be victorious because their gods foretold it. Their priests held power over them. For Ammon, the priests worshipped Molcom and Molech.

By understanding these words, we better understand what Amos prophesied as God’s judgment against Ammon. God would come upon the nation of Ammon so quickly and strongly they could not resist Him. He would send His wrath upon their citadels and strong places. Those things they counted as their best defenses would fall due to the strength and power of God’s battle. Ammon’s king and princes, most likely the priests who blessed and encouraged them to battle against Israel, the LORD’s children, would go into exile. They would know the power of their gods could not deliver them from the One True God, Yahweh. The land Ammon coveted in Gilead, which God gave to Gad and Reuben, was not theirs to take. God would defend it and bring vengeance and wrath upon any enemy of the Israelites, in this case, Ammon. Rabbah, their stronghold, and the entire nation of Ammon would feel the results of God’s judgment. They would be without leaders and the Israelites would reclaim the land Ammon coveted jealously.

The Ammonites, though related to Israel by blood and having a promised land from God through Lot, continually and intentionally harassed and harmed the current and future children of Yahweh. They sided with Israel’s enemy, Nebuchadnezzar. Their jealousy of Israel’s prosperity from the land God gave them when they entered the Promised Land caused them to become enemies of their own relatives. Their greed caused their betrayal of family.

God jealously loves His children and protects them against their enemies. He will not let them stray far from Him whether they get lazy in obeying His commands or rebel and worship other gods. God’s jealous love for His children will cause Him to defend or discipline His people. His judgments would occur against Ammon in due time. They occurred in several waves throughout the years. When Ezekiel spoke his prophecy against Ammon in Ezekiel 21:22, & 28-32 and in Ezekiel 25:2-10, God’s judgment against Ammon escalated to utter destruction just as it did against Edom. The people of Ammon did not return to Him and continued to harass and harm His people, the Israelites. God’s judgment against Ammon escalated just as we saw against Edom. He utterly annihilated them as a people and nation.

·         Have you ever felt like you were totally alone against the world to defend yourself from beggars, thieves, con artists, and people trying to defame your integrity?
·         Did you get weary of having constantly to protect yourself and your things?
·         How can we get peace when we feel we have to defend what we have and who we are so often?

The Fulfillment of God’s Judgment against Ammon

The fulfillment of God’s prophecies against Ammon began with King Solomon [1 Samuel 11:1-5] as we noted earlier in the section called The History of Ammon. In 1 Chronicles 20:1 and 2 Samuel 12:26-31, David and his captain of the army, Joab, led an army against Ammon, ravaged Ammon, and besieged Rabbah. Both battles against the Ammonites came before Amos’ prophecies, but were still judgments of God against Ammon for their betrayal, greed, and jealousy.

As Ezekiel prophesied, Nebuchadnezzar conquered Ammon. After Ammon helped the army of King Nebuchadnezzar of Neo-Babylonia defeat and loot Jerusalem and the temple, that same army rose against Ammon, Moab, Edom, and Phoenicia in 582 BC. They took the key people of these nations – kings, princes, captains of armies, priests, etc. - into captivity and exiled them throughout their empire. Over time they intermarried with people in Babylon’s empire and became absorbed into Babylon. The remaining Ammonites who lived in Canaan probably were absorbed into the Arab society during the Roman Empire.

·         Have you experienced the ongoing harassment of a person who wants what you have: either your job, skills, possessions, or good name? Did that make you weary and possibly make you angry with them? It may feel like being stalked.
·         Have you ever envied something another person had and made that person’s life difficult because of your envy? Why did you think what they had was better than what God has given you?
·         What can you do to find contentment with what God has given you?

Recap

Ammon, though related to the Israelites by blood, harassed and harmed the Israelites continually and intentionally over hundreds of years. They did not offer aid when Moses asked for permission to go through their territory to get to the Promised Land. Instead of siding with and thanking Israel when they defeated Ammon’s enemies, King Sihon of the Amorites, they grew discontent, greedy, and jealous. Ammon sought ways to regain the land of Gilead from Israel. They attacked Jabesh-gilead. Ammon joined forces with Israel’s enemies and attacked them in Judah. They raided and robbed Jerusalem and the temple. Ammon’s warriors ensured the people of Gilead had no future heirs to challenge their claim to Gilead by ripping unborn babies from the wombs of pregnant women. They stole Israel’s confidence, its fertility, and its future. Ammon destroyed their name and became infamous for their actions against Israel.

God revealed He knew what the Ammonites did. His prophets, Amos, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, pronounced His charges and judgments against them. Being blood relatives should have caused the Ammonites to defend Israel, but it did not. Their betrayal against Israel was equal to and possibly greater than Phoenicia’s betrayal. The Phoenicians were not blood relatives of Israel. The greed of the Ammonites for the fertile land of Gilead blossomed from temptation and internal sin into flagrant sin when they acted upon their jealousy against the Israelites. The Ammonites, as Lot’s descendants, would have known about I AM, the God of Abraham and Lot. They worshipped the false gods Milcom and Molech, gods who gave nothing to them except fear. This led to the Ammonites jealousy and coveting Israel’s blessings from Yahweh. Ammon was not content with what they had, nor did they walk in the ways of the LORD. They did not look to the God of Israel who gave them their blessings. Instead they took matters into their own hands and took what they wanted causing fear and death, and ultimately their nation’s own utter destruction.

Conclusion

At points in our lives, we each experience pangs of jealousy because of what someone has, whether its possessions or fame. What we do about that jealousy determines who leads our lives. Jealousy comes from greed, from discontent with what God gives you. If you are not content, jealousy raises its head. If you do not quench your jealousy by turning to God and giving Him control of your heart, mind, and soul, then you act upon your jealousy. The acting out based on jealousy causes damage to the person against whom you covet and against your own self. It causes harm to the person you steal from be it their possession or integrity. When you act on your jealousy, it harms you, too. It steals from your integrity and makes you infamous. It ruins your name.

More than anything, retaining jealousy due to greed or acting it out is sin. Sin separates us from God. We could say jealousy is only sin when we act on it, but God stated it differently in the Ten Commandments. The last five commandments speak to jealousy/covetousness. If you covet a neighbor’s wife, husband, possessions, or any other thing he or she has, you will commit adultery, murder, steal, and bear false witness against that neighbor to get what you want. Exodus 20:13-17 stated these last five commandments. Moses spoke God’s commandments to the Israelites saying,

13You shall not murder. 14You shall not commit adultery. 16You shall not steal. 16You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. 17You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife or his male servant or his female servant or his ox or his donkey or anything that belongs to your neighbor.” [NASB]

You see from reading these five verses that jealousy can lead to each of them and they are each sins. Jealousy is the root of these sins. Jesus told the Pharisees in Matthew 15:11, “It is not what enters the mouth that defiles the man but what proceeds out of the mouth, this defiles him.” [NASB] When Peter later asked Jesus to explain the parable, in verses seventeen through twenty, Jesus told them,

“Do you not understand that everything that goes into the mouth passes into the stomach and is eliminated? But the things that proceed out of the mouth come from the heart, and those defile the man. For out of the heart come evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false witness, and slanders. These are the things which defile the man; but to eat with unwashed hands does not defile the man.” [NASB, emphasis is from the author]

Evil includes things that come from the heart. Before any action occurs regarding greed and jealousy, the thoughts of a person’s heart determines if he or she has already sinned.

What hope do we have then? Will we always be prone to sin and should we just give up now? No, Paul spoke about this in Ephesians 4:17-31 when he spoke about the Christian’s walk. He said,

“So this I say and affirm together with the Lord, that you walk no longer just as the Gentiles [the non-believers] walk, in the futility of their mind, being darkened in their understanding, excluded from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the hardness of their heart, and they, having become callous, have given themselves over to sensuality for the practice of every kind of impurity with greediness. But you did not learn Christ in this way, if indeed you have heard of Him and have been taught in Him, just as truth is in Jesus, that, in reference to your former manner of life, you lay aside the old self, which is being corrupted in accordance with the lusts of deceit, and that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind [your heart], and put on the new self, which in the likeness of God has been created in righteousness and holiness of the truth. Therefore, laying aside falsehood, speak truth each one of you with his neighbor, for we are members of one another. Be angry and yet do not sin; do not let the sun go down on your anger and do not give the devil opportunity. He who steals must steal no longer, but rather he must labor, performing with his own hands what is good so that he will have something to share with one who has need. Let no unwholesome word proceed from your mouth, but only such a word as is good for edification according to the need of the moment, so that it will give grace to those who hear. Do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, by whom you were sealed for the day of redemption. Let all bitterness and wrath and anger and clamor and slander be put away from you, along with all malice. Be kind to one another, tender-hearted, forgiving each other, just as God in Christ also has forgiven you.”[NASB, emphasis by author]

As believers in Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit renews our minds, our hearts. We put on the mind of Christ as Paul said in Philippians 2:5-11. He humbled Himself to the point of obedience, even the obedience that led him to the agonizing death on a cross. How do we have this mind of Christ and overcome the temptations of our old self? Jesus gives this mind to each believer through His Holy Spirit. He gives the Holy Spirit to each believer to convict of sin, righteousness, and judgment (John 16:7011). The Holy Spirit lives in each believer’s heart (Romans 8:9, 1 Corinthians 6:19-20, 12:13). He teaches (John 16:13, John 15:16, 1 Corinthians 12:3), guides (John 14:16), gives glory to Christ (John 16:14), and grows fruit in believers (1 Corinthians 12). By the Spirit’s residing in, teaching, guiding, and convicting believers, we each grow to have the mind of Christ.

With the mind of Christ we do not sin in our hearts or in outward actions and words. We have the power of the Holy Spirit living in us to give us the power to overcome temptation and sin.

When God sent Amos to Israel to pronounce His charge and judgment on Ammon, He hoped the hearts of Israel would hear and return to Him so He would not have to judge and discipline them, too. The Israelites were unfaithful to their covenant with God. They rebelled continually and sometimes intentionally.

Today, we, too, rebel against God. Whether Christian or not, we fall to the temptation of being discontent with God and His blessings, and seek for more – stuff and/or fame. When we seek to be like Christ, have His mind and become renewed in our spirit, the spirit of the world that seeks constantly to gratify self first falls away to reveal humility and obedience because of love for God and other people.

We can have the mind of Christ. We can be renewed in the spirit.

Seek first His kingdom and all these things will be added to you, Christ said. [Matthew 6:33] Seek God’s will and you will have all you need and desire.

No more sin. No more pain. No more need.
Greed will go. Jealousy will vanish.

The beacon of God’s light will shine from us.
Others will see the love of God,
His mercy and grace,
through the love of Jesus lived out in our lives.